TBA | As we learn about them. In the meantime ... Visit: http://www.mapinc.org/dpr.htm

Medical cannabis - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia | Cannabis Indica (now referred to as Cannabis sativa subsp. indica),[1] Fluid Extract, American Druggists Syndicate, pre-1937. Medical cannabis (commonly referred to as "medical marijuana") refers to the use of the Cannabis plant as a physician-recommended drug or herbal therapy, as well as synthetic tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other cannabinoids. There are many studies regarding the use of cannabis in a medicinal context.[2][3] Use generally requires a prescription, and distribution is usually done within a framework defined by local laws. There are several methods for administration of dosage, including vaporizing or smoking dried buds, drinking or eating extracts, and taking synthetic THC pills.[4][5] The comparible efficacy of these methods was the subject of an investigative study by the National Institutes of Health.[3]

Medicinal use of cannabis is legal in a limited number of territories worldwide, including Canada, Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Israel, Finland, and Portugal. In the United States, 13 states have recognized medical marijuana: Alaska, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont and Washington;[6][7] although California, Colorado, New Mexico and Rhode Island are currently the only states to utilize "dispensaries" to sell medical cannabis. ...

Ancient India Surviving texts from ancient India confirm that cannabis' psychoactive properties were recognized, and doctors used it for a variety of illnesses and ailments. These included insomnia, headaches, a whole host of gastrointestinal disorders, and pain: cannabis was frequently used to relieve the pain of childbirth.[130] ... Visit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_cannabis#Ancient_India

Erowid Cannabis Vault : Medical #3 - History of the Medical Use of Marijuana, from the National Commission of Marijuana and Drug Abuse (see also: The History of the Intoxicant Use of Marihuana), From: Marihuana, A Signal of Misunderstanding, the Report of the US National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, 1972 | The religious use of cannabis in India is thought to have preceded its medical use (Blum and Associates, II, 1969: 73; Snyder, 1970: 125). ... The term "marihuana" is a word with indistinct origins. Some believe it is derived from the Mexican words for "Mary Jane"; others hold that "marihuana" comes from. the Portuguese word marigu-ano which means "intoxicant" (Geller and Boas, 1969: 14). This chapter outlines the many and varied uses of marihuana through history, and deals with its use in medicine and its use as an intoxicant.

The experience of the 1960's might lead one to surmise that marihuana use spreads explosively. The chronicle of its 3,000 year history, however, shows that this "explosion" has been characteristic only of the contemporary scene. The plant has been grown for fiber and as a source of medicine for several thousand years, but until 500 A.D. its use as a mind-altering drug was almost solely confined in India. The drug and its uses reached the Middle and Near East during the next several centuries, and then moved across North Africa, appeared in Latin America and the Caribbean, and finally entered the United States in the early decades of this century (Snyder, 1970: 129).

... This historical survey of the medical uses of marihuana is introduced by abroad overview of its use, including brief notes on current and projected research, and then considers specific historical settings and circumstances in ancient China, moving on to Egypt, India, Greece, Africa, and the Western World. ... Cannabis sativa has been used therapeutically from the earliest records, nearly 5,000 years ago, to the present day (Mikuriya, 1969: 34) and its products have been widely noted for their effects, both physiological and psychological, throughout the world. Although the Chinese and Indian cultures knew about the properties of this drug from very early times, this information did not become general in the Near and Middle East until after the fifth century A.D., when travelers, traders and adventurers began to carry knowledge of the drug westward to Persia and Arabia. ... Concern about cannabis as an intoxicant led the government of India to establish the India Hemp Commission of 1893-94 to examine the entire question of cannabis use in India.

There are exceptions in treatment in which cannabis cannot apparently be successfully subsituted for. The work of Pascal seems to show that Indian Hemp has remarkable properties in revealing the subconscious; hence, it can be used for psychological, psychoanalytic and psychotherapeutic research (Hearings, House of Representatives, 1937: 91). Although cannabis drugs are generally regarded as obsolete and rarely used in "western" medicine today, cannabis is "still used extensively in the Ayruvedic, Unani and Tibbi systems of medicine of the Indian-Pakastani subcontinent" ("The Cannabis Problem, 1962: 27). The Pharmacopoeias of India mention cannabis use in the recent past. Two preparations of cannabis, a liquid extract and a tincture, are listed in the 1954 and 1966 Pharmacopoeias of India which contain descriptions of cannabis and its extract and how it is made (Chopra & Chopra, 1957: 9). A more recent source makes reference to the fact that "in contemporary India and Pakistan, there continues to be widespread indigenous medical, 'quasi-medical,' and illicit use of both opium and cannabis" (Chopra & Chopra, 1957: 12-13). Bouquet notes that hemp resin is occasionally used in the native medicines of the countries where it is collected. He points especially to India where, "the medical systems . . . make much use of cannabis as a sedative, hypnotic, analgesic, anti-spasmodic and anti-hemorrhoidal" (Bulletin on Narcotics, 1962:27).

India | Prior to the 10th century B.C., bhang, a cannabis preparation, was used as an anesthetic and antiphlegmatic in India. In the second century A.D., a Chinese physician, Hoa-Tho, prescribed it as an analgesic in surgical procedures (Mikuriya, 1969: 34). From the 10th century B.C. up to 1945 (and even to the present time), cannabis has been used in India to treat a wide variety of human maladies. The drug is highly regarded by some medical practitioners in that country.

The religious use of cannabis in India is thought to have preceded its medical use (Blum and Associates, II, 1969: 73; Snyder, 1970: 125). The religious use of cannabis is to help "the user to free his mind from worldly distractions and to concentrate on the Supreme Being" (Barber, 1970: 80). Cannabis is used in Hindu and Sikh temples and at Mohammedan shrines. Besides using the drug as an aid to meditation, it is also used to overcome hunger and thirst by the religious mendicants. In Nepal, it is distributed on certain feast days at the temples of all Shiva followers (Blum & Associates, 1969, 11: 63).

[Erowid note: The earliest-known source for the claim that Sikhs made ceremonial use of bhang is the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission Report written in 1894. The report states "Witness Sodhi Iswar Singh, Extra Assistant Commissioner, says :'As far as I know, bhang is pounded by the Sikhs on the Dasehra day, and it is ordinarily binding upon every Sikh to drink it as a sacred draught by mixing water with it,'" (chapter 9, section 440). The historical use of cannabis in the Sikh religion has been strongly contested, and there does not appear to be evidence of such use in modern times. Christian Rätsch's encyclopedic Marijuana Medicine makes no mention of use of cannabis by the Sikhs.]

The Hindus spoke of the drug as the "heavenly guide," "the soother of grief." Considered holy, it was described as a sacred grass during the Vedic period (Fort, 1969: 15). A reference to cannabis in Hindu scriptures is the following: To the Hindu the hemp plant is holy. A guardian lives in bhang ... Bhang is the joy giver, the sky filer, the heavenly guide, the poor man's heaven, the soother of grief ... No god or man is as good as the religious drinker of Mang. The students of the scriptures of Benares are given bhang before they sit to study. At Benares, Ujjain and other holy places, yogis take deep draughts of Mang that they may center their thoughts on the Eternal . . . By the help of Mang ascetics pass days without food or drink. The supporting power of Mang has brought many a Hindu family safe through the miseries of famine (Snyder, 1970: 125). ... Visit: http://www.erowid.org/plants/cannabis/cannabis_medical_info3.shtml

Answers India – Discover the answer for this question and Earn more points for the best answer on Yahoo! | A question about medical marijuana....? I am wondering, mostly to medical marijuana supporters, what the best avenue for legalizing its medical use is... Is this a decision that should be voted on by the legislature in the respective states? Should this be put to statewide referendum for all of the voters to decide? Should this be handled on the federal level (i.e. rescheduling marijuana)? ... Answers International ... Visit: http://in.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080618220324AAwRxmn

Marijuana in India, Morocco, Spain and C... 4 Dec 2006 ... Marijuana in India, Morocco, Spain and California ... Thanks to the medical marijuna legislation, hippies and farmers can now grow up to 99 ... Drugs on the Road Marijuana in India, Morocco, Spain and California By Roadjunky, Posted Dec 04, 2006 The Himalayas are also famous for their charas, a slight variation on the theme where the resin is collected by hand-rubbing the flowers. This is a laborious task and at the end of the day you may only have collected about 10 grams of sticky charas on your palms. In fact the less you collect the better as the quality is likely to be higher. High up in the valleys of Parvati and Malana the experts produce a superior grade of charas known as cream. This can be so sticky as to be almost molten in a hot climate. Ironically the charas experts these days in many of the valleys are Italians – they’ve brought their national sense of excellent taste even to the Himalayas. They maintain high standards of charas in the spirit that they would cultivate good tomatoes. Not only that but the Italians have developed designer chillums. Whereas you can buy the simple clay pipe for around a dollar in India there are now mirror-worked chillums available in Milan for up to $500. ... Visit: http://www.roadjunky.com/guide/824/marijuana-in-india-morocco-spain-and-california

[V] My India Report » Blog Archive » MARIJUANA- legal or illegal! - Posted by ami, September 14th, 2007 - MiR Cities | Social Issues | Legalised marijuana exists in India. One of the best and prominent examples would be - Banaras. On every corner you will find a thandai shop and every thandai shop has bhang (marijuana juice). It is openly consumed and openly sold. Some do it in the name of God and others get high. A good example to show that something doesn’t have to be approved by our judicial system to take place openly. So, what is confusing for me, is it legal or illegal? If it is illegal and takes place so openly, then the law doesn’t apply in practical application and we further assume other laws of our country will also have exceptions. This becomes a mockery of the whole judicial system. This would be the best example of the hypocrisy that exists in India. We keep days like Holi and Mahashivratri when everyone can consume marijuana in the name of God - so it’s ok, and nobody would question that. This is just one of the things people do taking religion or God as a shelter or excuse, and this encourages more people to do the same. ... Medical Marijuana has been successfully in many countries. ... India should openly legalize Cannabis and should stop being America's ... ... Visit: http://www.myindiareport.in/2007/09/14/marijuana-legal-or-illegal/

Medical Marijuana - Elaine Minamide, Buy Medical Marijuana in India; Availability : 10-15 business days - Free Shipping In India! - Infibeam.com. A series of anthologies on current issue that are of particular interest to young teen readers. A diversity of opinion on the topic is presented, including both conservative and liberal points of view in an even balance. Imported Edition Condition: New Edition: Library Binding Availability: Usually ships in 10-15 business days - FREE Shipping to All Cities in India! Ships to India and Selected Countries. See Details ... Visit: http://infibeam.com/Books/info/Elaine-Minamide/Medical-Marijuana/0737734957.html

ASA : Medical Cannabis and Our Community ... medical cannabis in their neighborhood and who medical cannabis patients ... plant (from which cannabis comes) has been cultivated in India and the Far East ... Medical Cannabis and Our Community by Don Duncan | You are probably reading this booklet because a medical cannabis (marijuana)[1] dispensing collective is operating in your neighborhood or someone has proposed opening one nearby. This booklet is designed for community members who have questions about medical cannabis in their neighborhood and about who medical cannabis patients are. The field of medical cannabis is new in California and it is natural for neighbors to have questions and concerns. This booklet also discusses some of the legal issues surrounding this topic. Most importantly, Medical Cannabis & Our Community is intended to help in understanding the impact medical cannabis and dispensing collectives may have on a community.

Accordingly, as a well-informed community member, you will be better able to participate in the discussion about medical cannabis in your neighborhood. ... The medical use of cannabis goes back to ancient times. The earliest reference dates back as many as 5000 years. The hemp plant (from which cannabis comes) has been cultivated in India and the Far East for thousands of years. Here in the United States, cannabis was a common ingredient in medications until 1937, when the plant was outlawed by the Marijuana Tax Act, despite the objections of the American Medical Association.[2] ... Visit: http://www.safeaccessnow.org/article.php?id=1733

Medical cannabis: Information from Answers.com | Medical cannabis Cannabis Indica (now referred to as Cannabis sativa subsp. ... Medical cannabis (commonly referred to as "medical marijuana") refers to the use of the Cannabis plant as a physician-recommended drug or herbal therapy, as well as synthetic tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other cannabinoids. There are many studies regarding the use of cannabis in a medicinal context.[2][3] Use generally requires a prescription, and distribution is usually done within a framework defined by local laws.

There are several methods for administration of dosage, including vaporizing or smoking dried buds, drinking or eating extracts, and taking synthetic THC pills.[4][5] The comparible efficacy of these methods was the subject of an investigative study by the National Institutes of Health.[3] ... Ancient India | Surviving texts from ancient India confirm that cannabis' psychoactive properties were recognized, and doctors used it for a variety of illnesses and ailments. These included insomnia, headaches, a whole host of gastrointestinal disorders, and pain: cannabis was frequently used to relieve the pain of childbirth.[130] ... Visit: http://www.answers.com/topic/medical-cannabis#Ancient_India

Flipkart.com: Buy Medical Marijuana Law in India. Price:Rs.628 Discount:20%, Free Shipping on Medical Marijuana Law. Book Review of Medical Marijuana Law by Richard Glen ... | Book: Medical Marijuana Law. An issue that has been argued before the Supreme Court and that is still the subject of a heated debate across America that is fraught with misunderstanding, medical marijuana is a major, complex topic. This practical manual offers reliable legal information for anyone interested in knowing more about medical marijuana. Written for the educated layperson, whether a patient, doctor, lawmaker, or a law enforcement official, the book starts with a history of medical marijuana in the United States. From there, the book spells out everything readers need to know on the contemporary aspects of the subject, with in-depth discussions of state and federal laws, the medical necessity defense, important cases, and specific requirements for lawfully using medical marijuana. A model statute offers guidance to readers who want to legalize the use of the drug for medicinal purposes in states without medical marijuana laws. ... Visit: http://www.flipkart.com/medical-marijuana-law-richard-glen/1579510345-tsx3fhi4xf

Medical cannabis Published at 2006-06-22 in Cannabis information » Medical cannabis | Medical cannabis refers to the use of Cannabis as a physician recommended herbal therapy, most notably as an antiemetic. The term medical marijuana post-dates the U.S. Marijuana Tax Act of 1937, the effect of which made cannabis prescriptions illegal in the United States. Due to widespread illegal use of cannabis as a recreational drug its legal or licensed use in medicine is now a controversial issue in most countries.

The name marijuana is Mexican or Latin American in origin. That marijuana is now well known in English as a name for cannabis is due largely to the efforts of drug prohibitionists in the United States during the 1920s and 30s. Under the name hemp the herb was then well known as a source of industrial materials and, under the name cannabis, it was also in widespread legal use as a medicine.

History | Cannabis has been used for medicinal purposes for over 4,800 years. Surviving texts from China, Greece and Persia confirm that its psychoactive properties were recognized, and the ancient doctors used it for a variety of illnesses and ailments. These included a whole host of gastrointestinal disorders, insomnia, headaches and as a pain reliever, frequently used in childbirth. In India, cannabis can be definitely identified in such contexts only from about AD 1000. ... Visit: http://www.420source.com/post/33

TIME Magazine: The New Politics of Pot; Medical Marijuana: A History. Inhaling to cure ailments is a lot older than you might believe - By Patrick Stack, Posted Sunday, Oct. 27, 2002 | Should Profs. Cheech and Chong ever receive university tenure teaching the medical history of their favorite subject, the course pack would be surprisingly thick. As early as 2737 B.C., the mystical emperor Shen Neng of China was prescribing marijuana tea for the treatment of gout, rheumatism, malaria and, oddly enough, poor memory. The drug's popularity as a medicine spread throughout Asia, the Middle East and down the eastern coast of Africa, and certain Hindu sects in India used marijuana for religious purposes and stress relief. Ancient physicians prescribed marijuana for everything from pain relief to earaches to childbirth. Doctors also warned against overuse of marijuana, believing that too much consumption caused impotence, blindness and "seeing devils." By the late 18th century, early editions of American medical journals recommend hemp seeds and roots for the treatment of inflamed skin, incontinence and venereal disease. Irish doctor William O'Shaughnessy first popularized marijuana's medical use in England and America. As a physician with the British East India Company, he found marijuana eased the pain of rheumatism and was helpful against discomfort and nausea in cases of rabies, cholera and tetanus. ... Visit: http://www.time.com/time/covers/1101021104/history.html

MEDICAL CANNABIS Marihuana history | Medical cannabis ( hemp ), the history of marihuana ( marijuana ) and ... The cannabis preparations used in India often serve as a folk standard of potency. ... ... Medical use of Cannabis (also called Marihuana or Marijuana). Support for the forbidden medicine. History of Cannabis Some Hemp Facts ... The plants highest in resin therefore grow in hot regions like Mexico, the Middle East, and India. When the reproductive process is over and the fruits are fully ripe, no more resin is secreted. The cannabis preparations used in India often serve as a folk standard of potency. The three varieties are known as bhang, ganja, and charas. The least potent and cheapest preparation, bhang, is produced from the dried and crushed leaves, seeds, and stems.

Ganja, prepared from the flowering tops of cultivated female plants, is two or three times as strong as bhang; the difference is somewhat akin to the difference between beer and fine Scotch. Charas is the pure resin, also known as hashish in the Middle East. Any of these preparations can be smoked, eaten, or mixed in drinks. The marihuana used in the United States is equivalent to bhang or, increasingly in recent years, to ganja. ... A native of central Asia, cannabis may have been cultivated as long as ten thousand years ago. It was certainly cultivated in China by 4000 B.C. and in Turkestan by 3000 B.C. It has long been used as a medicine in India, China, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, South Africa, and South America. The first evidence for medicinal use of cannabis is an herbal published during the reign of the Chinese emperor Chen Nung five thousand years ago.

Cannabis was recommended for malaria, constipation, rheumatic pains, absentmindedness, and female disorders. Another Chinese herbal recommended a mixture of hemp, resin, and wine as an analgesic during surgery. In India cannabis has been recommended to quicken the mind, lower fevers, induce sleep, cure dysentery, stimulate appetite, improve digestion, relieve headaches, and cure venereal disease. In Africa it was used for dysentery, malaria, and other fevers. The first Western physician to take an interest in cannabis as a medicine was W B. O'Shaughnessey, a young professor at the Medical College of Calcutta who had observed its use in India. He gave cannabis to animals, satisfied himself that it was safe, and began to use it with patients suffering from rabies, rheumatism, epilepsy, and tetanus.

In a report published in 1839, he wrote that he had found tincture of hemp (a solution of cannabis in alcohol, taken orally) to be an effective analgesic. He was also impressed with its muscle relaxant properties and called it an anticonvulsive remedy of the greatest value. Meanwhile, reports on cannabis accumulated in the medical literature. In 1860 Dr. R. R. M'Meens reported the findings of the Committee on Cannabis Indica to the Ohio State Medical Society. After acknowledging a debt to O'Shaughnessey, M'Meens reviewed symptoms and conditions for which Indian hemp had been found useful, including tetanus, neuralgia, dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation), convulsions, rheumatic and childbirth pain, asthma, postpartum psychosis, gonorrhea, and chronic bronchitis.

In 1890, J. R. Reynolds, a British physician, summarized thirty years of experience with Cannabis indica, recommending it for patients with senile insomnia and suggesting that in this class of cases I have found nothing comparable in utility to a moderate dose of Indian hemp. According to Reynolds, hemp remained effective for months and even years without an increase in the dose. He also found it valuable in the treatment of various forms of neuralgia, including tic douloureux (a painful facial neurological disorder), and added that it was useful in preventing migraine attacks. ... Visit: http://www.naturaltherapyinfo.com/immunesystem/marihuana.htm

Why All the Controversy? What Does The Research Actually Show?, by Bill Zimmerman, Ph.D., et al. - Date: 1998 | Summary: Succinct, easily readable summary of medical marijuana worldwide from new book "Is Marijuana the Right Medicine for You?" This is chapter 3 of the book.

The written record on medicinal marijuana stretches back over 2,000 years. Yet, after hundreds of studies, experiments and reports, there is still no consensus about its effects. Wildly emotional arguments rage about whether or not marijuana should be considered a legitimate medicine. Other than the opiate narcotics, it is hard to think of another medicinal plant that has generated so much worldwide controversy. With the experts unable to agree, it is understandable that patients are left wondering what to do.

Ancient References to Marijuana as a Medicine | The most detailed, ancient descriptions of the medicinal uses for marijuana come from China and India. Though modern high technology medicine does not commonly refer back to the medicinal practices of ancient civilizations, it is interesting to see to what extent marijuana was a fixture in some of their healing traditions. If nothing else, this confirms that marijuana has a significant medical history, and that modern claims for its medicinal use have not been pulled from thin air. Literature from ancient India describes similar medical conditions for which various marijuana preparations were used. One commentator notes that marijuana "has been intimately associated with magical, medical, religious and social customs in India for thousands of years." Sushruta, an ancient Indian healer, recommended marijuana to relieve congestion and as part of a cure for fevers. Ayurveda, a traditional Hindu system of medicine practiced in India since the first century A.D., cites marijuana as an appetite stimulant, a digestive aid, a pain reliever and a sleeping potion.

In 1893, British colonial authorities decided to investigate the many uses of marijuana in India, in part as a scientific inquiry, and in part to determine the "threat" marijuana may have posed to the country. Of course, the British didn't consider their own favorite intoxicant, alcohol, as a "threat" even though many of their Indian subjects most certainly did. The investigation, conducted by the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, heard testimony from Indian and Western doctors on the medical uses of marijuana. A wide range of claimed uses were discussed, including marijuana's ability to control spasms and cramps, to reduce pain, to fight digestive disorders, to anesthetize patients facing minor surgery, and to ease asthma and bronchitis.

The British Commission was duly impressed. They took special note of the fact that many of the Indian medical applications of marijuana matched the way European doctors were utilizing the plant at the same time. In conclusion, the Commission wrote, "Cannabis indica (marijuana) must be looked upon as one of the most important drugs of Indian Materia Medica (their pharmacopoeia)." ... Visit: http://www.medmjscience.org/Pages/history/chapter.bhtml

Erowid Cannabis Vault : Culture #3 - Marihuana: A Signal of Misunderstanding - The History of the Intoxicant Use of Marihuana see also: The History of the Medical Use of Marihuana - From: Marihuana, A Signal of Misunderstanding, the Report of the US National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, 1972 | This section discusses the non-medical use of cannabis. ... Chopra, R. N.: "Use of Hemp Drugs in India," The Indian Medical Gazette, (June 1940) ...

The preceding history of the medical use of marihuana has provided an outline of how marihuana has been alleged to care diseases and relieve pain. This section discusses the non-medical use of cannabis. The survey includes a discussion of marihuana use in India, the rest of Asia, Africa, Europe, and the United States; and a concluding analysis of the intoxicant use in contemporary times. Assessing marihuana's use as an intoxicant is difficult because for many people around the world, its importance as an intoxicant has been secondary to its use as a folk medicine or a ceremonial adjunct (Grinspoon, 1971: 173-174). Caffeine and nicotine apart, cannabis is second in worldwide popularity only to alcohol.

India | Marihuana was probably first used as an intoxicant in India around 1000 B.C., and soon became an integral part of Hindu culture (Snyder, 1970: 125). In China, where the marihuana plant had been used to make cloth and certain medicines for centuries, it was not recorded as an intoxicant. Explanations are unclear as to why marihuana was used as an intoxicant in India but not in China. Marihuana was also used as an intoxicant in other parts of the world prior to 500 A.D. but was not as well documented as the use of opium. The drug "nepenthe" in Homer's Odyssey is believed by a number of scholars to have been a brew in which the most active ingredient was hemp (Brotteaux, 1967: 10). Galen wrote in the second century that it was customary to promote hilarity and happiness at banquets by giving the guests hemp (Reininger, 1967: 14-15).

Cannabis is used in three different preparations in India (Snyder, 1970: 27). The first is called bhang, comparable in potency to marihuana in the United States. It is made from the leaves and stems of uncultivated plants and blended into a pleasant tasting liquid concoction. The second is ganja, more potent than bhang, made from the tops of cultivated plants. The third and most potent preparation, charas, is similar to hashish or "hash" and is obtained by scraping the resin from the leaves of the cultivated plants. Hard blocks are pressed from this material which are converted for smoking. High-caste Hindus are not permitted to use alcohol. But they are allowed bhang at religious ceremonials, and also employ it as an intoxicant at marriage ceremonies and family festivals. Bhang is used by laborers in India in much the same way as beer is used in the United States (Barber, 1970: 80).

The lower classes of India use either a few pulls at a ganja pipe or sip a glass of bhang at the end of the day to relieve fatigue (Grinspoon, 1971: 173), to obtain a sense of well-being, to stimulate appetite, and to enable them to bear more cheerfully the "strain and monotony of . . . daily routines" (Geller and Boas, 1969: 5). These types of users and objectives are frequently the reverse of those in the United States where marihuana users consider themselves an exclusive and advanced "in-group" (Andrews and Vinkenoog, 1967: iii). A major intoxicant use in India is for religious purposes. ... Visit: http://www.erowid.org/plants/cannabis/cannabis_culture3.shtml

Cannabis in India: ancient lore and modern medicine, by Ethan Russo, GW Pharmaceuticals, 2235 Wylie Avenue, Missoula, MT 59809, USA Introduction: Ayurvedic medicine India is a land steeped in faith and mysticism. Ayurveda, combining the Sanskrit words for life and knowledge, is a system of medicine intertwined inextricably with these traits. That a core of belief combined with empirical experimentation could produce a viable medical regimen still widely practiced after well over 3000 years is astounding to Western physicians. Cannabis was similarly bound to faith and mysticism in India in the past, in the Hindu and Islamic traditions, as well as in numerous other minority religions [1]. Merlin recently explained it well [2], “with the powerful tools of modern science and human imagination, our understanding of our deep-rooted desire to experience ecstasy in the original sense of the word (to break the mind free from the body and communicate with the ‘gods’ or the ancestors) will become clear with time”. This chapter will seek to examine the medical claims for cannabis of the past, and place them in a contemporary light given current pharmacological knowledge.

Ayurveda is based on a conceptual medical system that seeks to balance three functional elements, called doshas, that the human body is composed of, and are commonly represented as Vata or Vayu (ether or air), Pitta (fire and water) and Kapha (phlegm or water and earth). Nadkarni [3] has rejected these simple relationships in favor of more abstract assignations [3]: “…the word Vayu, does not imply ‘Wind’ in Ayurvedic literature, but comprehends all the phenomena which come under the functions of the Central and Sympathetic Nervous Systems; that the word Pitta does not essentially mean ‘Bile’ but signifies the functions of Thermogenesis or heat production and metabolism, comprehending in its scope the process of digestion, coloration of blood and formation of various secretions and excretions and that the word Kapha does not mean ‘Phlegm’ but is used primarily to imply the functions of Thermo-taxis or heat regulation and secondarily formation of the various preservative fluids, e.g., Mucus, Synovia, etc., " Cannabis was similarly bound to faith and mysticism in India in the past, in the ... This chapter will seek to examine the medical claims for cannabis ... Visit: http://www.drugpolicy.org/docUploads/Russo_CannabisInIndia_Mechoulam2005.pdf

The day India becomes a Marijuana nation March 22, 2008 posted by indiatime | Today is holi, the Indian festival of colors and dance and fun. And today, India drinks, not tea or coffee, not coke or pepsi, but bhang, an intoxicating concoction made with hemp leaves and milk. The medicinal aspects of the drink have been known to Indians for hundreds of years, and Indians have associated the drink with a devotion to deities such as Lord Shiva.

J. M. Campbell, a gazetteer to the Bombay presidency in the British India of the late 19th century, thus penned some words of wisdom from the then British India Hemp commission:

“…(forbidding or restricting the use of hemp) would rob the people of a solace in discomfort, of a cure in sickness, of a guardian whose gracious protection saves them from the attacks of evil influence…Bhang is the Joy-Giver, the Sky-Flier, the Heavenly-Guide, the Poor Man’s Heaven, the Soother of Grief…”

If starbucks ever becomes big in India, they would probably have to include a bhang flavor for the month of March, at least for the day of festive intoxication, the day when even the ministers and government officials are busy gulping marijuana drinks. There isn’t any legal age for bhang drinkers either. Adults and children, men and women, cops and conmen, Indians of all races, colors and ethnicities relish it. For a day, this tea-drinking nation pays homage to the God of intoxicating drinks, the one and only Lord Shiva.

It is one of the fantastic contrasts of India, a country that reveres a God of restraint and a God of reckless abandon alike, a place where Gods drink marijuana-laced nectar and dance merrily with young maidens, a place where religious devotion is officially allowed to turn into an out-of-body sensory high. ... Visit: http://www.indiatime.com/2008/03/22/the-day-india-becomes-a-marijuana-nation/

Indians nabbed in Nepal with marijuana - 8 December 2007 | KATHMANDU: The authorities in Nepal on Saturday arrested three Indian nationals in the country's eastern Parsa district with more than one kg of marijuana. The police arrested Manish Kumar Sharma, Ramesh Mishra and Gokesh Mishra, residents of Gorakhpur on Saturday with more than one kg of marijuana. The three Indian nationals were arrested during a search operation while they were returning from Hetauda, said Parsa district police office. The police have seized the car (UP 4 DL 9738) in which the three persons were travelling, the Kantipur online reported. The security forces in India and Nepal have resorted to increased patrolling to check cross-border criminal activities in the Terai plains. The porous Indo-Nepal border has been frequently used by criminals for smuggling and other illegal activities. ... Visit: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Indians_Abroad/Indians_nabbed_in_Nepal_with_marijuana/articleshow/2607015.cms

WeBeHigh.com - Worldwide Marijuana travel Guide with information about Marijuana prices all over the world ! Check out WBH's stoners' guide to the world! Bangalore ... Updated: 28/02/2007 ... Smoking tolerance level [1= very illegal 5=virtually legal]: 4 (illegal, but nobody gives a #$@%)

Legislation: Cannabis is illegal, and you can face 6months to 2years in prison ... but It's rarely if ever heard of conviction.

Law Enforcement: Pot is illegal but is generally ignored at the user level. Have less than 1/2 oz and nobody cares. The absolute exception is in airports- don't cause a scene. If you happen to get caught by the cops (very very rare), you'll be able to get away with a small bribe, if you're lucky. It's generally a good idea to keep a low profile, and just enjoy your smokes without bothering other people. a local reporter added: "I was in Bangalore in November 2006 and the cops have have of late been cracking down on dealers and buyers. The good thing about India is that the crackdowns are short lived and 6-7 months later everything is back to square one."

Where to buy marijuana in Bangalore: Kanakpura, goripalya, market... but the better weed is sold outside the city Easy. walk down a line of auto rickshaws and say ganga. Beware your dealer connection. Ask if they smoke. Ask if they have smoked the stuff you are buying. Negotiate the ride and ask the price of the herb.

Bangalore marijuana prices: A 40-50gm (~1.5oz) pack of weed is priced at about Rs.120-150 (US$2.5-3.5), nothing more. However, if you're a foreigner, and you happen to score via an autorickshaw driver, you'll definitely get charged a few extra bucks. If u r scoring from auto drivers i can gurantee tht u will get ripped off...starts at 30(pretty useless), 120 - 150 are is the decent price.. It is better to know some1 who smokes...

Bangalore marijuana brands: The quality of marijuana varies widely, depending on where/whom you buy from. Most of the weed is generally grown outdoors, and sometimes may be smuggled in from neighbouring states. Very rarely, within the city, you may find peddlers selling extremely dark (almost brownish-black), and funny smelling weed. DO NOT BUY THIS STUFF, as it is spiked with all sorts of junk (ranging from shoe polish to brown sugar)... I'm not sure why they do this, but it ends up being an extremely harsh smoke & a $*%#ed up trip! The best (100% pure) weed, which is also the most potent, is scored from places just outside the city (Anekal, Ramnagaram, Mallur etc), but getting there requires information regarding the roads, and whom to ask. They usually don't sell to people they've never seen before.

More information: You'll be better off if you find some local stoners and hook up with them. People in Bangalore are generally laid back, and may be willing to help you out even if they don't smoke themselves. You'll find a lot of them in the several pubs within the city (Brigade Rd, Residency Rd etc). Common places to smoke, after a few beers, are the alleys in & around these parts, and Rest House Rd (parallel to Brigade Rd). Bring your own skins.

City report: I've scored in 7 cities in India - Delhi, Bombay, Manali, Bangalore, Chennai, Jamshedpur, Calcutta. Of these, Chennai is the worst, and Bangalore is a close 2nd. Delhi, Manali are infinitely more tolerant towards marijuana, compared to Bangalore. Pot isn't widely available, and is not very tolerated. In delhi, manali and even bombay, you can smoke up in the open. Bangalore's shit, trust me. ... Visit: http://www.webehigh.com/city/detail.php?CITYID=Bangalore

The Consumers Union Report on Licit and Illicit Drugs, by Edward M. Brecher and the Editors of Consumer Reports Magazine, 1972 - Part VIII - Marijuana and Hashish | Marijuana is the popular name for a plant, Cannabis Sativa, also known as hemp. Marijuana is also the common name of the drug prepared by drying the leaves and flowering tops of the plant. The leaves and tops contain several members of a group of chemicals known as the cannabinoids. Hashish is the drug produced by drying the resin exuded by the marijuana plant. The resin is richer in cannabinoids than the leaves and tops–– one gram of hashish is said to have the effectiveness of five to eight grams of marijuana–– but the potency of both marijuana and hashish varies widely from sample to sample. One of the cannabinoids, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol or THC, was for a time believed to be the major active ingredient; the role of THC in the marijuana experience, however, is now in question.

Marijuana in the Old World The "weed" that in the United States and Mexico is commonly called marijuana, hemp, or cannabis is in fact a highly useful plant cultivated throughout recorded history and perhaps much earlier as well. There is only one species–– its scientific name is Cannabis sativa–– which yields both a potent drug and a strong fiber long used in the manufacture of fine linen as well as canvas and rope. The seeds are valued as birdseed and the oil, which resembles linseed oil, is valuable because paints made with it dry quickly. ... The first known reference to marijuana in India is to be found in the Atharva Veda, which may date as far back as the second millennium B.C. 2 Another quite early reference appears on certain cuneiform tablets unearthed in the Royal Library of Ashurbanipal, an Assyrian king. Ashurbanipal lived about 650 B.C.; but the cuneiform descriptions of marijuana in his library "are generally regarded as obvious copies of much older texts," 3 says Dr. Robert P. Walton, an American physician and authority on marijuana who assembled much of the historical data here reviewed. ... Visit: http://www.druglibrary.org/SCHAFFER/library/studies/cu/cu53.html

botanical.com - A Modern Herbal | Hemp, ... Providing botanical, folk-lore and herbal information, plus organic herbs, and herbal products. ... Habitat---India. Marijuana (Cannabis indica Lam.) Habitat. ... Botanical: Cannabis sativa (LINN.) Family: N.O. Urticaceae Description Constituents Medicinal Action and Uses Dosage Synonyms -- Cannabis Indica. Cannabis Chinense. Ganeb. Ganja. Kif. Hanf. Tekrouri. Chanvre. | Part Used -- The dried, flowering tops of the female, or pistillate plants. | Habitat -- India.

Marijuana (Cannabis indica Lam.) Click on graphic for larger image Habitat. In Britain, and formerly elsewhere, only Hemp grown in India was recognized as official, but the heavy tax has resulted in the admission by the United States of any active Cannabis sativa, whether grown in the States or in Africa, Turkey, Turkestan, Asia Minor, Italy, or Spain.

Description -- The plant is an annual, the erect stems growing from 3 to 10 feet or more high, very slightly branched, having greyish-green hairs. The leaves are palmate, with five to seven leaflets (three on the upper leaves), numerous, on long thin petioles with acute stipules at the base, linear-lanceolate, tapering at both ends, the margins sharply serrate, smooth and dark green on the upper surface, lighter and downy on the under one. The small flowers are unisexual, the male having five almost separate, downy, pale yellowish segments, and the female a single, hairy, glandular, five-veined leaf enclosing the ovary in a sheath. The ovary is smooth, one-celled, with one hanging ovule and two long, hairy thread-like stigmas extending beyond the flower for more than its own length. The fruit is small, smooth, light brownish-grey in colour, and completely filled by the seed.

Hemp grows naturally in Persia, Northern India and Southern Siberia, and probably in China. It is largely cultivated in Central and Southern Russia. It is sometimes found as a weed in England, probably due to seeds from birdcages, as they are much used in feeding tame birds. The drug that is official in Europe comes from Bogra and Rajshabi, north of Calcutta, or sometimes from Guzerat and Madras. It is called Guaza by London merchants. ... Visit: http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/h/hemind22.html

History Of Marijuana, Intoxicant Use | The survey includes a discussion of marijuana use in India, the rest of Asia, Africa, Europe, and the United States; and a concluding analysis of the ... Marijuana, History Of Marijuana, Intoxicant Use ... This is from The National Commission on Marihuana And Drug Abuse, The report was named Marihuana, A Signal of Misunderstanding. It was presented to The President and Congress of the United States on March 22, 1972.

Intoxicant Use The preceding history of the medical use of marijuana has provided an outline of how marijuana has been alleged to cure diseases and relieve pain. This section discusses the non-medical use of cannabis. The survey includes a discussion of marijuana use in India, the rest of Asia, Africa, Europe, and the United States; and a concluding analysis of the intoxicant use in contemporary times. Assessing marijuana's use as an intoxicant is difficult because for many people around the world, its importance as an intoxicant has been secondary to its use as a folk medicine or a ceremonial adjunct (Grinspoon, 1971: 173-174). Caffeine and nicotine apart, cannabis is second in worldwide popularity only to alcohol.

India marijuana was probably first used as an intoxicant in India around 1000 B.C., and soon became an integral part of Hindu culture (Snyder, 1970: 125). In China, where the marijuana plant had been used to make cloth and certain medicines for centuries, it was not recorded as an intoxicant. Explanations are unclear as to why marijuana was used as an intoxicant in India but not in China. Marijuana was also used as an intoxicant in other parts of the world prior to 500 A.D. but was not as well documented as the use of opium. The drug "nepenthe" in Homer's Odyssey is believed by a number of scholars to have been a brew in which the most active ingredient was hemp (Brotteaux, 1967: 10). Galen wrote in the second century that it was customary to promote hilarity and happiness at banquets by giving the guests hemp (Reininger, 1967: 14-15).

Cannabis is used in three different preparations in India (Snyder, 1970: 27). The first is called Bhang, comparable in potency to marijuana in the United States. It is made from the leaves and stems of uncultivated plants and blended into a pleasant tasting liquid concoction. The second is Ganja, more potent than Bhang, made from the tops of cultivated plants.

The third and most potent preparation, charas, is similar to hashish or "hash" and is obtained by scraping the resin from the leaves of the cultivated plants. Hard blocks are pressed from this material which are converted for smoking. High-caste Hindus are not permitted to use alcohol. But they are allowed Bhang at religious ceremonials, and also employ it as an intoxicant at marriage ceremonies and family festivals. Bhang is used by laborers in India in much the same way as beer is used in the United States (Barber, 1970: 80).

The lower classes of India use either a few pulls at a Ganja pipe or sip a glass of Bhang at the end of the day to relieve fatigue (Grinspoon, 1971: 173), to obtain a sense of well-being, to stimulate appetite, and to enable them to bear more cheerfully the "strain and monotony of . . . daily routines" (Geller and Boas, 1969: 5). These types of users and objectives are frequently the reverse of those in the United States where marijuana users consider themselves an exclusive and advanced "in-group" (Andrews and Vinkenoog, 1967: iii). A major intoxicant use in India is for religious purposes. ... Visit: http://www.a1b2c3.com/drugs/mj003.htm

Drug Facts > Street Terms: Drugs and the Drug Trade | Drug Type: Marijuana ... Cigarettes from India (resemble marijuana joints/vehicle for other drugs) Belyando spruce ... Marijuana, Indian term. Bite one's lips. To smoke marijuana. ... Visit: http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/streetterms/ByType.asp?intTypeID=1

Smokeheavenpipes - Wholesale smoking pipes and accessories | Smokeheavenpipes is the Wholesaler of smoking pipes and accessories India,glass pipes suppliers,metal marijuana pipes and Vaporizer bongs ... We are Manufacturer, exporter and wholesaler of acrylic water pipe, metal smoking tobacco pipes, dugout pipe, color changing bongs, blown glass bongs, cheap bongs supplier, water bongs for sale, vaporizer bongs, multi chamber bongs, hand glass bong, hookah bongs, glass hammer pipe, wooden sherlock pipes, wholesale hookahs, best Elle Koffer Bong, wholesale Grinders manufacturer, marijuana accessories, wholesale glass pipe bongs supplier, wholesale smoking pipes and accessories and metal marijuana pipes from India. ... Visit: http://www.smokeheavenpipes.com/

Religious and spiritual use of cannabis From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Spiritual use of cannabis) | This article is about cannabis used in a religious or spiritual context. Cannabis has an ancient history of ritual usage as an aid to trance and has been traditionally used in a religious context throughout the Old World. Herodotus wrote about early ceremonial practices by the Scythians, which are thought to have occurred from the 5th to 2nd century BCE. Itinerant sadhus have used it in India for centuries, and the Rastafari movement has embraced it in modern times. Anthropologist Sula Benet claimed historical evidence and etymological comparison show that the Holy anointing oil used by the Hebrews contained cannabis extracts, "kaneh bosm" (?????-??????), and that it is also listed as an incense tree in the original Hebrew and Aramaic texts of the Old Testament. Early Christians used cannabis oil for medicinal purposes and as part of the baptismal process to confirm the forgiveness of sins and "right of passage" into the Kingdom of Heaven.[1][2][3] The Unction, Seal, laying on of hands, the Counselor, and the Holy Spirit are all often synonymous of the Holy anointing oil.[4] Early Gnostic texts indicate that the Chrism is essential to becoming a "Christian".[5][6] Some Muslims of the Sufi order have used cannabis as a tool for spiritual exploration. Hindu and Buddhist use

Sadhu offering charas to Shiva. Cannabis was used in Hindu culture as early as 1500 BCE, and its ancient use is confirmed within the Vedas (Sama Veda, Rig Veda, and Atharva Veda).[16][17] Cannabis or ganja is associated with worship of the Hindu god Shiva, who is popularly believed to like the hemp plant. Ganja is offered to Shiva images, especially on Shivratri festival. This practice is particularly witnessed at temples of Benares, Baidynath and Tarakeswar.[18] Ganja is not only offered to the god, but also consumed by Shaivite (sect of Shiva) yogis. Charas is smoked by some Shaivite devotees and cannabis itself is seen as a gift ("prasad," or offering) to Shiva to aid in sadhana.[19] Some of the wandering ascetics in India known as sadhus smoke charas out of a clay chillum.

During the Hindu festival of Holi, people consume a drink called bhang which contains cannabis flowers.[18][20] According to one description, when elixir of life was produced from the churning of the ocean by the gods and the demons, Shiva created cannabis from his own body to purify the elixir (whence, for cannabis, the epithet angaj or body-born). Another account suggests that the cannabis plant sprang when a drop of the elixir dropped on the ground. Thus, cannabis is used by sages due to association with elixir and Shiva. Wise drinking of bhang, according to religious rites, is believed to cleanse sins, unite one with Shiva and avoid the miseries of hell in the after-life. In contrast, foolish drinking of bhang without rites is considered a sin.[21] Researchers claim that Siddhartha ate only hemp for six years prior to becoming the Buddha in the 5th century BCE. Cannabis continues to play a significant role in the meditation ritual of Tibetan Tantric Buddhism, and has been a practice since 500 BCE when cannabis was regarded as a holy plant.[17][22] ... Visit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_use_of_cannabis#Hindu_and_Buddhist_use

Home > News > west-bengal-news >> Marijuana worth Rs 42 lakh seized in Darjeeling | Darjeeling (West Bengal), Aug. : Acting on a tip-off, officials detained an oil tanker in West Bengal’s Darjeeling district on Saturday and seized marijuana worth Rs 42 lakh. The marijuana was found packed in 61 cartons and weighed about 1201 kilograms. The detained tanker was reportedly plying with a Haryana registration plate and was travelling from Manipur, Bihar via Siliguri. “Put together, including the vehicle, the total seizure comes to 50 lakh,” said R. Mangababu, Additional Commissioner of Customs, North Bengal and Sikkim. No arrests have been made so far and investigations are on to find the drug peddlers. The north-eastern part of the country has emerged as a favourite transit point for drug peddlers. ... Visit: http://msxml.excite.com/excite/ws/results/Web/marijuana%20india/2/0/0/Relevance/zoom=off/qi=11/qk=10/bepersistence=true/_iceUrlFlag=7?_IceUrl=true

Amsterdam Cannabis Ministry : Marijuana Religion | "Marijuana religion", wat would that be? you might ask... Well, for one, nothing new. Marijuana has been used in religious rituals by many cultures since the beginning of human kind. Marijuana, has been, and still is, a Holy plant in many cultures on all the continents that it grows on, and it grows in nearly every continent on our beautifull planet, and in nearly every country. Tradition in India maintains that the gods sent man the Hemp plant so that he might attain delight, courage, and have heightened sexual desires. When nectar or Amrita dropped down from heaven, Marijuana sprouted from it. Another story tells how, when the gods, helped by demons, churned the milk ocean to obtain Amrita, one of the resulting nectars was Marijuana. It was consecrated to Shiva and was [the godess] Indra’s favourite drink. After the churning of the ocean, demons attempted to gain control of Amrita, but the gods were able to prevent this seizure, giving Marijuana the name Vijaya (“victory”) to commemorate their success. Ever since, this plant of the gods has been held in India to bestow supernatural powers on its users. ... It is our opinion that cannabis is the original sacrament of Hebrew, Christian, Muslim, Hindu, Shinto, Buddhist, Rasta and ... HINDUISM (India) The God Shiva ... Visit: http://www.thc-ministry.net/marijuana-religion.html

Answers India – Discover the answer for this question and Earn more points for the best answer on Yahoo! Is it true that marijuana makes your child retarded? | i heard that usage of marijuana must be stopped at least one year before your marriage for the proper health of child. is this statement true. i know one of my friend having a retarded child , everyone says that its due to his excessive cannabis use. ... This is true. But generally, people that smoke marijuana are not as smart as regular people. ... no that is completely false . my sons father smoked weed everyday all day before he passed away . and my son is completely healthy and actually advances fr his age .. hes 15 months old and he walks talks and can read a little bit . so no that statement is completely false . that doesnt not affect the childs brain development at all. ... Visit: http://in.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090806101158AA1iOqo

The Birth of Marijuana - Posted: Sep 30th, 2007 | The first use of marijuana can be traced way back in the Neolithic age as evidenced by a burnt marijuana seed that was found in the sacrament brazier in a very old interment spot in Romania today. It is said that in the past, the people who were using marijuana the most were the Hindus from Nepal and India, and the people who were eaters of hashish called Hashshashins from Syria. At that time, marijuana was called ganjika in Sanskit. In Nepali and Indian language, it is called ganja. Sometimes, a kind of drug called soma was associated with marijuana. According to the Vegas, it is considered as a holy intoxicating hallucinogen. ... In countries like Nepal and India, nomadic religious sadhus have been using marijuana for centuries now. ... Marijuana was brought in by Indian laborers to the Americans in the middle of the 19th century. Marijuana use was initiated during the time of Indian indenture system that was implemented by the British Empire. Nowadays, marijuana is still recognized as ganja, which is the Sanskrit translation of marijuana, Coolie or Indian wee. ... Visit: http://www.articlesbase.com/health-articles/the-birth-of-marijuana-223799.html

Marijuana may raise testicular cancer risk: Study - 9 Feb 2009 | Washington Marijuana use may increase the risk of developing testicular cancer, in particular a more aggressive form of the disease, according to a US study published on Monday. The study of 369 Seattle-area men ages 18 to 44 with testicular cancer and 979 men in the same age bracket without the disease found that current marijuana users were 70 per cent more likely to develop it compared to nonusers. "This is the first study to look at this question, and by itself is not definitive. And there's a lot more research that would have to be done in order to be more confident that marijuana use really is important in a man's risk of developing testicular cancer," Schwartz said in a telephone interview. ... Visit: http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Marijuana-may-raise-testicular-cancer-risk-Study/421158/

India; Marijuana use linked to higher testicular cancer risk Washington - February 09, 2009 | A new study by researchers at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center has revealed that frequent and/or long-term marijuana use may significantly increase a man's risk of developing the most aggressive type of testicular cancer. ... Study participants were also asked about other habits that may be correlated with marijuana use, including smoking and alcohol consumption. ... The researchers emphasize that their results are not definitive, but rather open a door to more research questions. ... Visit: http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20090209/1172896.html

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